家庭医生政策执行方式的行为逻辑

本文采用扎根理论,利用2017—2018年上海3家社区卫生服务中心的访谈材料,从执行者行为的微观角度归纳并构建家庭医生如何选择政策执行方式的理论解释。研究归纳了家庭医生相关政策的执行中存在的三类政策执行方式:忠实执行、积极变通和消极变通。这三类政策执行方式因政策与情境契合度(简称契合度)的不同而区分。其中契合度较高时,容易发生忠实执行,即完全忠实于政策设计的执行方式;当政策与情境有不契合时,执行成本升高,出于职责观念和行政压力,执行者首先使用积极变通来降低执行成本,用自由裁量权在操作中对政策作修补和本土化,从而实现政策初衷;消极变通因任务契合度过低且具有强制性而产生,消极变通中出现了目标替代,仅表面应付上级考核指标,降低了执行成本、维护了岗位利益。结论:政策执行方式的行为逻辑可以通过契合度、职责观念、执行成本三个因素得到解释。本文整体、平衡地关注了消极与积极的政策变通,弥补以往研究只关注消极变通的不足;建议应完善决策制度保证基层执行者的决策参与,从而提升决策质量。     

Revision total hip arthroplasty for metal-on-metal failure

Metal-on-metal (MoM) arthroplasty systems became popular in the early-2000s due to presumed advantages of improved wear characteristics and superior stability. However, subsequent reports of abnormal soft-tissue reactions to MoM implants and national registry data reporting high failure rates raised concerns. Early outcomes of revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) for adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD) were poor, leading to development of surveillance programs and a trend towards early revision surgery. Patients with MoM arthroplasties require surveillance, comprehensive history and physical examination, imaging with ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and laboratory evaluation including metal ion levels. Operative strategies for revision THA vary from exchange of modular components to extensive debridement and reconstruction with revision components. Surgeons should be aware of the increased risks of dislocation and infection following revision THA for ARMD. However, there is growing evidence that early revision surgery prior to extensive soft tissue destruction results in improved outcomes and decreased re-operation rates. It is estimated that >1 million MoM articulations have been implanted, with a large proportion still in situ. It is imperative to understand the aetiology, presentation, and management strategies for these patients to optimise their clinical outcomes.     

Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for patients with heart failure and depression: A systematic review protocol

The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for patients with heart failure and depression, aged ≥18 years, in institutionalized healthcare settings. More specifically, the review aims to identify which cognitive behavior therapy strategy/strategies, including the method of delivery, is the most effective for the management of depression in hospitalized patients with heart failure. The review question is as follows: Is cognitive behavior therapy effective in reducing symptoms of depression in patients with heart failure? This systematic review will be conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic reviews of effectiveness evidence. This review only includes randomized controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy as a treatment for depression in adults (aged ≥18 years) with heart failure, compared with usual care, which might include medications.     

程丑夫教授辨治气滞血瘀水停型冠心病心力衰竭经验

冠心病心力衰竭属于中医学"胸痹""痰饮""心水"等范畴,程丑夫教授认为部分冠心病心力衰竭的病机为气、血、水三者互结,情志失调是重要原因,血瘀为中心病理环节,水饮内停为必然结果,辨证为气滞血瘀水停证,以调气活血利水为治法,创柴葶丹参饮以治之,取得良效。     

Implantación de Guías de buenas prácticas en España a través del Programa de Centros Comprometidos con la Excelencia en Cuidados®

The implementation of Best practice guidelines is effective in improving clinical practice and reducing clinical variability. The Best Practice Guidelines of the Ontario Nurses Association have been implemented in Spain since 2012 following the principles of the Canadian programme of the Best Practice Spotlight Organisations® (BPSO®). The Nursing and Healthcare Research Unit (Investén-isciii) coordinates this programme in Spain, having been nominated BPSO Host by the Ontario Nurses Association.Four strategies were followed: translation of the Best Practice Guidelines, dissemination of same and of the programme, implementation of the Best Practice Guidelines and assessment of the results in competitively selected centres, and, finally, the development of sustainability mechanisms.Implementation is based on the theoretical Knowledge to Action model, which establishes a cycle of 6 phases: identification of the problem and training of selected BPSO®; adaptation to the local context; assessment of facilitators and barriers; adaptation and implementation of interventions; monitoring and evaluation of results, and sustainability. Each of these phases incorporate evidence-based elements that promote the effectiveness of implementation, such as the competitive selection of candidates to participate in the programme, selection by the institution of the guidelines to be implemented, leadership by nurses with a multi-professional approach, planning of the process from work structures that are non-vertical but with the support of the institution, the simultaneous use of multiple strategies, ongoing assessment and feedback of results. All of which is mentored and supported by the BPSO Host.There are currently 27 institutions in Spain of different characteristics that implement a total of 20 clinical guidelines. The scope and structure of the programme has recently been extended with regional BPSO Host coordinating centres, which has brought the number of institutions to 36 and the number of implemented clinical guidelines to 22.The programme has had a positive impact on organisations and the system, on care processes and on patient health. This is evidenced by enriched evidence-based professional practice, the promotion of collaborative networking and by improved patient health outcomes and the quality of care provided.